Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Engineering in the U.S. has long been a male-dominated profession. Fifty years ago, it looked like that might change.
In 1970, the percentage of women majoring in engineering was less than 1%. In 1979, that number was 9%. Many hoped women would continue to enter the field at the same rate. But that’s not what happened. Today, only 21% of engineering majors are women, a number largely unchanged since 2000.
I am a historian who, along with my colleagues, surveyed 251 women engineers who graduated from college in the 1970s. These pioneers reflected on the challenges they faced—and had advice for women entering the field today.
One survey taker explained, “The greatest challenge for me was continuing to believe in myself, when all the messages I was getting were that I would never be taken seriously or promoted or given raises at the same rate as men, who were clearly less qualified and not as smart as I was.”
A chemical engineer who worked in manufacturing agreed, “You have to prove yourself just because you are female. And you have to work twice as hard!”
A civil engineer said, “We are ‘women engineers.’ People don’t refer to a man as a ‘man engineer’—he’s an engineer. We are constantly reminded that we don’t truly belong.” Another civil engineer stated, “On many levels, you’re never quite one of the groups.”
Women also talked about family caregiving responsibilities. A retired vice president from a major chemical company stated, “Young women engineers are on an equal footing until they have children, then they struggle to balance work and family—and compete with men who don’t have the same household responsibilities.”
But over the years things have changed a lot. Young women engineers are more accepted mostly because there are just more of them.
Many women engineers hailed the benefits of their chosen career. A program manager in manufacturing stated that engineering is the best degree. A mechanical engineer said, “It will give you the flexibility to do almost anything. It is also satisfying to see the effects of what you have done.”
长期以来,美国的工程职业一直由男性主导。50年前,这种情况似乎有可能改变。
51 1970年,主修工程学的女性比例不到1%。1979年,这一数字达到了9%。许多人希望女性能继续以同样的速度进入这一领域。但事实并非如此。如今,只有21%的工程专业学生是女性,这个数字自2000年以来基本没有变化。
我是一名历史学家,我和同事对251名在20世纪70年代大学毕业的女性工程师进行了调查。这些先驱们回顾了她们所面临的挑战,并对今天进入这一领域的女性提出了建议。
52 一位接受调查的人解释说:“对我来说,最大的挑战是,在我得到的所有信息都表明,我受到重视、得到晋升或加薪的速度永远赶不上显然不如我有资格、也不如我聪明的男性的时候,继续相信自己。”
一位在制造业工作的化学工程师也认为:“你必须证明自己,就因为你是女性。你必须加倍努力工作!”
一位土木工程师说:“我们是‘女工程师’。人们不会把男人称为‘男工程师’——(只会说)他是工程师。 53 我们经常被提醒,我们并不真正属于这个群体。”另一位土木工程师说:“在很多层面上,你永远都不是这个群体中的一员”。
女性还谈到了照顾家庭的责任。一位来自一家大型化工企业的退休副总裁说:“年轻的女工程师在有孩子之前是平等的,然后她们就会艰难地平衡工作和家庭——与没有同样家庭责任的男性竞争。”
但这些年来,情况发生了很大变化。 54 年轻的女工程师被更多人接受,主要是因为她们的人数增多了。
55 许多女工程师为自己选择的职业所带来的好处欢呼雀跃。一位制造业的项目经理说,工程学是最好的学位。 55 一位机械工程师说:“它能让你灵活地做几乎任何事情。看到自己所做工作产生的成效也会让人感到满足。”
What does the passage say about the engineering profession in the United States?
问:关于美国的工程职业,文章说了些什么?
定位:根据题干关键词“engineering profession in the United States”定位至文章第一段和第二段。第一段指出该职业长期由男性主导,第二段通过1970年(不到1%)和1979年(9%)的数据对比,展现了70年代的变化。
解析:
What does one survey taker say was her greatest challenge?
问:一位受访者说她最大的挑战是什么?
定位:根据题干关键词“greatest challenge”和“one survey taker”定位至文章第四段引用的受访者原话。
解析:
How do women engineers frequently feel according to the two civil engineers?
问:根据这两位土木工程师的说法,女工程师经常会有什么感觉?
定位:根据题干关键词“two civil engineers”定位至文章第六段。
解析:
What probably makes young women engineers more accepted nowadays?
问:如今,让年轻的女性工程师更容易被接受的原因可能是什么?
定位:根据题干关键词“more accepted”定位至文章倒数第二段。
解析:
What can we conclude about many female engineers from the statement of a mechanical engineer?
问:从一位机械工程师的陈述中,我们可以得出关于许多女工程师的什么结论?
定位:根据题干关键词“a mechanical engineer”定位至文章最后一段,并需结合该段主旨进行推断。
解析:
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